Time Is An Illusion, By Albert Einstein - 1355 Words

â€Å"Time is an illusion.† – Albert Einstein â€Å"How may the experience of time be so intimately familiar, while the concept of time so resistant to verbal description[?]† – J.T. Fraser I laid shivering and trembling uncontrollably on the MRI table as I heard the voice of a young technician telling me over an intercom to â€Å"stay as still as possible, otherwise we’ll have to repeat the tests again.† He monotonically assured me that â€Å"it should take about 45 minutes to an hour† to produce a full MRI, MRA, and angiogram of my brain. As I was slowly entered into the impossibly tight machine, I closed my eyes and began to mentally keep track of time. One minute†¦two minutes†¦nine minutes. Early into the test however, my time keeping was unnoticeably overrun by anxious thoughts. What if they actually find a tumor in my head? What then? At the very least I’ll finally have an explanation for the past few months. I suddenly realized that I had unmindfully stopped counting the minutes and had lost track of time. Shit! How long have I been in here? I think I was at nine minutes, or was it 19? No, it couldn’t have been that lo ng. I felt an overwhelming sense of panic started to build up, and had became increasingly frightened. I could not distinguish if a moment lasted for a few seconds or for a few minutes, and I didn’t dare opening my eyes. The notion of â€Å"time keeping† is so engraved into our everyday lives as human beings that it becomes difficult to objectively extract one solid definition.Show MoreRelatedThe Physics Of Albert Einstein1284 Words   |  6 PagesRobbie Patio BIO 101 Professor Dartley 4/16/15 Albert Einstein Most people know who Albert Einstein is and how great of a physicist he was, yet many aren’t aware that Albert Einstein had not even finished high school! Most would think that a person who doesn’t complete high school is dumb, and lazy. The fact is, Einstein did not complete high school, not because he was dumb or lazy. At the age of 15, he quit high school because he did not agree with the way the teachers taught. He thought that theRead MoreReligion and Psychology Essay example729 Words   |  3 Pagesof God or the nature of an afterlife are often ignored by scientists. This may be in part a hesitation to face politically sensitive and philosophically difficult issues, or the methodological limitations of modern research techniques. At the same time psychological researchers are avoiding the fusion of religion and psychology, so are religious organizations. Religion once feared psychologys tendency to view God as nothing but the projection of the idealized father (Ciarrocchi, 2000). Many religionsRead MoreEssay on There Is a Fine Line Between Reality and Illusion1198 Words   |  5 Pages‘There is a fine line between reality and illusion’ How can we distinguish between reality and illusion? 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He wrote one of the greatest scientific wo rks of all time: The Principia. Newton believed that religion and science went hand in hand and did his scientific work to bring light to the creation of God. He wanted to leave a lasting impression of the glory of God in peoples lives by uncovering the mysteriesRead MoreEinsteins Dreams2185 Words   |  9 PagesAlan Lightmans Einsteins Dreams For those of us who believe in physics, this separation between past, present, and future is only an illusion, however tenacious. Albert Einstein For sure, one of the most important and discussed man of the 20th century is Albert Einstein - may be the most eminent German Jew. And many were the authors trying to describe the life and deeds of this prominent man. But one surely differs from the others in NOT trying to describe Einsteins life but imagineRead MoreWays of Seeing1748 Words   |  7 Pages which already enjoys the product. Here comes the concept of glamour. Glamour, as defined by Virginia Postrel, â€Å"is that phenomenon, which invites us into its world but doesn’t give us a completely clear picture†. John Berger links this state of illusion with publicity saying, ‘the state of being envied is what constitutes glamour. And publicity is the process of manufacturing glamour.’ Thus, glamour, jealousy and publicity form a boundless circle. Scrutinizing the relationship between publicityRead MoreA World Too Dependant on Technology912 Words   |  4 Pageshumankind’s association with it increases even more. First of all, people are becoming more and more dependant on the availability of information. When seeking information, most people would use the internet rather than searching in a book. Many times the information on the World Wide Web will be inaccurate or does not appear on the internet. Although utilizing the internet for online resources is readily available, most of the content is usually unchecked or moderated by an expert. 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IAS 38, Intangible Assets Example

Essays on IAS 38, Intangible Assets Essay IAS 38, Intangible Assets Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 a.Internally Generated Brands Meeting the Definition and Recognition Criteria As Outlined In IAS 38 3 b. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalising Internally Generated Brands 4 c. Impact upon Capitalisation of Brands on the Financial Position of Toyota 5 d. Capitalisation of Internally Generated Brands 7 References 9 a. Internally Generated Brands Meeting the Definition and Recognition Criteria As Outlined In IAS 38 Assets are the resources which provide the result for certain previous events to benefit the economy of an organisation in future. Intangible assets refer to those assets which have no physical existence or substance. Thus, intangible assets are non monetary by nature. Intangible assets involve certain factors or elements such as computer software, copyrights, licenses, franchises, and patents among others (Saudagaran, 2009). IAS 38 needs an entity or unit to identify an intangible asset, be it a self created or purchased. The IAS 38 involves certain additional criteria for recognition especially for those intangible assets which are generated internally. The internally generated intangible assets refer to those entities which are produced or manufactured by the state, which involve assets obtained from the third party. These assets need more than negligible augmentation efforts to the portion of the state to initiate to acquire the estimated level of the service capability. The IAS 38 declares that the economic benefits in the future ought to be based on supportable and logical assumptions regarding the asset’s conditions which would subsist over the existence of the assets in its lifetime. If the intangible assets, which are internally generated cannot meet the criteria given by the IAS 38 regarding recognition and definition, then the expenditure related to these assets need to get recognised as incurred expenses. If the assets do not meet the criteria given by the IAS 38 regarding recognition and definition, these assets need to figure a part of the amount credited to the goodwill, documented at the acquirement date. IAS 38 has described that brands which is considered to be generated internally is not identified as assets. If the internally generated assets do not meet the criteria given by IAS 38, the standards prevent a unit or entity to reinstate afterward as an ‘intangible asset’ (Saudagaran, 2009). b. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalising Internally Generated Brands Capitalising internally generated brands refer to the practice of increasing the significance of the brands in the business process; and it also increases the scope of companies along with the brands. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of capitalising an internally generated brand. It makes the calculation of the brand royalty simpler. It also explains the capability and the potential of the cash flow to be generated in the future. It helps in increasing the shareholders’ and capitalisation values, which assists to improve the competitiveness within the market and helps to get easy access to the finance. It also helps to evaluate the intangibles and the distinction between the net assets value and the value of the total market. The capitalisation of the internally generated brands is helpful from the users prospective as well. It helps the brands to perform a methodology with an objective. It has a secured comparability and results in increasing the usefulness of the information sources to make decisions regarding investments. The investment related decisions can also help brands to prosper in the market as if a company gains value in the eyes of the investors t hen it can leverage the same value in gaining popularity and profitability. In the similar context, a well-recognised brand can be identified to a value addition for a company in the long run as it can in turn facilitates to draw the investors (The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, The Government of Japan, 2002). There are certain disadvantages also for the capitalisation of the internally generated brands, such as accounting the internally generated brand. It becomes really difficult to identify the brands on the balance sheet of a business, and due to this problem the book keepers and the accountants face difficulties. This capitalisation process does not only hampers the accounting it also creates problem for the tax laws of the corporation and for the commercial codes. Due to the difficulties in accounting of the internally generated brands, it makes the balance sheet and the brand assets measurement less reliable and complicated. As the Japanese companies as well as the other companies follow the rules and the norms of legal entry of the entities, it creates issues regarding the illegal and unrecognised profits, which would not support the commercial codes and corporate laws (IFRS, 2011). c. Impact upon Capitalisation of Brands on the Financial Position of Toyota It would be difficult for any company to capitalise the ‘internally generated brand’, as it would be difficult to identify the difference between the two factors i.e. internally generated goodwill and internally generated brand. According to the rules and norms in every country, Japanese companies also are not able to capitalise the goodwill or the brand in the system of accounting. These intangible assets can be legally recorded in the balance sheet as designs, patents, and copyrights among others with a disclosed amount, which is not the real value of those assets. These are the cost which can be utilised after the achievement of the advanced activity, such as registration cost (Okano et. al., 1999) Toyota utilised the brand quite well and it has capitalised on their brand equity. Brand equity refers to the intangible asset, which is characterised by the name of the brand. Toyota made the use of their brand reputation to manufacture quality and well-priced products in order to draw the consumers in America. Toyota has also identified the brand loyalty and its supremacy. For example, Toyota has upheld its faithful clientele with the continuation of the production of valuable products, such as the Prius, where simultaneously it has introduced certain fresh products such as Toyota Tundra. The company believes in the loyalty of its brand and its customers as Toyota is looking for a win over the new target consumers. The annual reports of the year 2007 and 2008 show that after these changes and the capitalisation on the brand, Toyota has augmented its level of performances, its income as well as its revenue among others. All these advancements or increased values show that the financ ial statement of the company has changed and it has provided with certain positive outcomes in the financial report of Toyota which can be depicted from the graphical representation below: (Lowery, 2007). Source: (Toyota, 2011) d. Capitalisation of Internally Generated Brands Capitalisation of the internally generated brands has both advantages and disadvantages. In relation to the above discussion, conclusively, it can be stated that the practice of capitalising the internally generated brands has facilitated certain companies to gain revenue, income and in terms of performance levels, whereas at the same time, it has created various problems in the process of accounting in many businesses. The process of capitalising essentially creates the issues regarding illegal accounting and unidentified assets, which create problem for the accountants and the book keepers. This process does not support the commercial codes of business and not even the corporate laws of any business. Capitalising internally generated brands gives profits which have been identified in rare cases for the companies such as Toyota, Coca-Cola, and Nokia among others. They have applied the advantages like clear calculations, identification of the real potentials and capabilities, provide easy access to finance, increase the competitiveness in the market and value identification of the assets among others. Essentially, the internally generated brands should be capitalised only if needed and could be handled properly, in order to facilitate customers, or else it is not a regular and reliable practice to perform in case of business organisations and companies (State of California, 2007). References IFRS, 2011. IAS 38 Intangible Assets. Technical Summery. [Online] Available at: http://www.ifrs.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF990B4C-E9B4-41CD-A6C6-8F735E932247/0/IAS38.pdf [Accessed March 14, 2012]. Lowery, K. B., 2007. A Re-Branding Campaign: Toyota’s Quest To Be Viewed As An American Company. Acknowledgements. [Online] Available at: http://www.american.edu/soc/communication/upload/07-Lowery.pdf [Accessed March 14, 2012]. Okano, H. et. al., 1999. Implementing Brand Management in the Japanese Companies: Related With Target Cost Management. Abstract. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/23/1947902.pdf [Accessed March 14, 2012]. State of California, 2007. Internally Generated Intangible Assets. Home Page. [Online] Available at:Â   http://sam.dgs.ca.gov/TOC/8600/8635.htm [Accessed March 14, 2012]. Saudagaran, S. M., 2009. International Accounting: A User Perspective. CCH. Toyota, 2011. Leading the Way to Future of Mobility. Annual Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.toyota-global.com/investors/ir_library/annual/pdf/2011/p02_05.pdf [Accessed March 14, 2012]. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, The Government of Japan, 2002. The Report of the Committee on Brand Valuation. Summary. [Online] Available at: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/cbrandvalue.pdf [Accessed March 14, 2012].

She Walks With Angels Essay Example For Students

She Walks With Angels Essay Few things in our lives will ever prepare usemotionally, for the death of a loved one. The sadness,anger, and comfort that fills the heart cannot be imagined. It was within the last five minutes of my mothers life, thatI realized that I was not prepared. As I stood on the sideof the bed and watched her gasp for precious air, myMy first thoughts became those that were filled withsadness. I felt deep sadness and regret, and wondered if mymother ever knew how much I idolized her. Did I really everreturn the love and care that she gave me? My eyes sawsadness when looking at the lifeless figure of wrinkled skinthat my mother had become. This by no means was the samewoman who used to wrestle with me and my brothers, and beatus all. No way could it be the same strong woman, that usedto play tackle football with me when I was little. I remember one time, when I was about 8 or 9 years old,I came into the house crying. My mother asked me what waswrong. I told her that my two older brothers wer e gangingup on me in tackle football. She asked the usual motherquestions, and when she found out that they had chosen theteams as them against me, I quickly had a new teammate. Shegrabbed my hand smiling and then we marched outside, withher striding like a defensive lineman going up to receiveher most valuable trophy award. As soon as my brothers sawher come around the corner of the house, with my hand inhers, they knew that it was a whole new ballgame. Now my mother was no giant by any means. She was 51tall and about 140 pounds, but on the first play ofscrimmage, I hiked the ball to my mother and she went aroundthe right end running over both my brothers. Not only didshe run them both over, but then she even taunted them withthe ball. Both my brothers got up holding various body partsand cringing in pain. Though she told them that she didntmean to hurt them, we all knew the truth. It was only alittle retribution for me, and to let them know that shedidnt approve of their unfair ta ctics. On the ensuingkickoff, my brother Wes tried to block my mother, it was afoolish attempt. My mother tossed him aside like a hay balebeing thrown in the loft, and then proceeded to make myother brothers body become one with the ground. That wouldbe the last play of the game, as both my brothers startedwhining about how unfair the teams were. It was just whatshe had wanted to make them understand. As my teammate andI went into the house, I had gained a new appreciation ofher. It was sad to see what used to be a vibrant, dark-haired, attractive woman, turn into a living corpse void ofany coherent thoughts. As I processed these thoughts ofI was mad! Why in the hell did I have to lose mymother, my teammate? Why god, why her? God had chosenthe one person that had been a steady and very influencingfactor in my life to join his band of angels. All mybeliefs, values and ethics were strong willed from the handof mom. I was mad at the fact that my mother was beingconsumed, eaten, by a di sease that didnt play fair. Myanger only grew worse when I started to think of the painand suffering that she must be enduring or had endured. Whydoes she have to lie her and struggle to live? Why the hellisnt the brain smart enough to know when to shut of theautonomic response and rest in peace? As my mothers breathing increased even faster, Istarted to feel comfort in the fact that this senseless actof living, even when dead, would soon be over. I tookcomfort in the fact that this body would soon take itsrightful place beneath the dirt, and also in the fact thatmy dad would be able to start living again. He really wasMy father had watched his wife of 37 years go from astrong-willed woman that could take care of herself in anysituation, to a childlike dependency state. He had watchedover the course of a year, my mother who he .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de , .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .postImageUrl , .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de , .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:hover , .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:visited , .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:active { border:0!important; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:active , .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf332da830f750d6f4235c85c2a06e8de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide Essay

Keynesian Economics Essays (1689 words) - Keynesian Economics

Keynesian Economics Macroeconomics, branch of economics concerned with the aggregate, or overall, economy. Macroeconomics deals with economic factors such as total national output and income, unemployment, balance of payments, and the rate of inflation. It is distinct from microeconomics, which is the study of the composition of output such as the supply and demand for individual goods and services, the way they are traded in markets, and the pattern of their relative prices. At the basis of macroeconomics is an understanding of what constitutes national output, or national income, and the related concept of gross national product (GNP). The GNP is the total value of goods and services produced in an economy during a given period of time, usually a year. The measure of what a country's economic activity produces in the end is called final demand. The main determinants of final demand are consumption (personal expenditure on items such as food, clothing, appliances, and cars), investment (spending by businesses on items such as new facilities and equipment), government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports). Macroeconomic theory is largely concerned with what determines the size of GNP, its stability, and its relationship to variables such as unemployment and inflation. The size of a country's potential GNP at any moment in time depends on its factors of production-labor and capital-and its technology. Over time the country's labor force, capital stock, and technology will change, and the determination of long-run changes in a country's productive potential is the subject matter of one branch of macroeconomic theory known as growth theory. The study of macroeconomics is relatively new, generally beginning with the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s. Keynes's ideas revolutionized thinking in several areas of macroeconomics, including unemployment, money supply, and inflation. Keynesian Theory and Unemployment Unemployment causes a great deal of social distress and concern; as a result, the causes and consequences of unemployment have received the most attention in macroeconomic theory. Until the publication in 1936 of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money by Keynes, large-scale unemployment was generally explained in terms of rigidity in the labor market that prevented wages from falling to a level at which the labor market would be in equilibrium. Equilibrium would be reached when pressure from members of the labor force seeking work had bid down the wage to the point where either some dropped out of the labor market (the supply of labor fell) or firms became willing to take on more labor given that the lower wage increased the profitability of hiring more workers (demand increased). If, however, some rigidity prevented wages from falling to the point where supply and demand for labor were at equilibrium, then unemployment could persist. Such an obstacle could be, for exam ple, trade union action to maintain minimum wages or minimum-wage legislation. Keynes's major innovation was to argue that persistent unemployment might be caused by a deficiency in demand for production or services, rather than by a disequilibrium in the labor market. Such a deficiency of demand could be explained by a failure of planned (intended) investment to match planned (intended) savings. Savings constitute a leakage in the circular flow by which the incomes earned in the course of producing goods or services are transferred back into demand for other goods and services. A leakage in the circular flow of incomes would tend to reduce the level of total demand. Real investment, known as capital formation (the production of machines, factories, housing, and so on), has the opposite effect-it is an injection into the circular flow relating income to output-and tends to raise the level of demand. In the earlier classical models of unemployment, such as the one described above, deficiency of demand in the aggregate market for goods and services (known by the short-hand term as the goods market) was ruled out. It was believed that any discrepancy between planned savings and planned investment would be eliminated by changes in the rate of interest. Thus, for example, if planned savings exceeded planned investment, the rate of interest would fall, which would reduce the supply of savings and, at the same time, increase the desire of companies to borrow money to invest in machines, buildings, and so on.

Names of Stores and Shops in Spanish

Names of Stores and Shops in Spanish Planning to do some shopping when you visit Spanish speaking country? It would be a good idea to learn one of the most common suffixes used with Spanish nouns, -erà ­a, typically used to indicate where something is made or sold. Youll run into the word most often as the names of specialty stores, such as zapaterà ­a for shoe store  and joyerà ­a for jewelry store.  It is less commonly used for a place where an item is manufactured or processed, such as herrerà ­a for an ironworks or blacksmiths shop. Names for Stores and Shops Following are some examples of shop names using -erà ­a. All of these nouns are feminine in gender. This list is far from complete but includes most  of them youre likely to come across. aguardenterà ­a - liquor store (from aguardiente, moonshine or liquor)azucarerà ­a - sugar shop (from azà ºcar, sugar)bizcocherà ­a - pastry shop (from bizcocho, type of cake or biscuit; this term is most common in Mexico)boleterà ­a  - ticket office, box office (from boleto, admission ticket)cafeterà ­a - coffeeshop, snack bar (from cafà ©, coffee)calceterà ­a  - hosiery shop (from calceta, sock or knitting)carnicerà ­a - butcher shop (from caherrrne, meat)charcuterà ­a - delicatessen (from French charcuterie; term used in Spain)cervecerà ­a - brewery, bar (from cerveza, beer)confiterà ­a - candy store (from confite, candy)droguerà ­a - drugstore, variety store (from droga, drug)ebanisterà ­a - cabinet shop, place where cabinets are made (from ebano, ebony)ferreterà ­a - hardware store (from an old word for iron)floristerà ­a - flower shop (from flor, flower)fruterà ­a - fruit shop (from fruta, fruit)heladerà ­a - ice-cream parlor (from helado, ice cream)herboristerà ­a - herbalists shop (from hierba, herb)herrerà ­a - blacksmiths shop (from hierra, iron) joyerà ­a - jewelry shop (from joya, jewel)jugueterà ­a - toy shop (from juguete, toy)lavanderà ­a - laundry (from lavar, to wash)lecherà ­a - dairy (from leche, milk)lencerà ­a - linen shop, lingerie shop (from lienzo, linen)librerà ­a - bookstore (from libro, book)mueblerà ­a - furniture store (from mueble, piece of furniture)panaderà ­a - bakery (from pan, bread)papelerà ­a - stationery store (from papel, paper)pastelerà ­a - pastry shop (from pastel, cake)peluquerà ­a - hairdressers shop, beauty shop, barbershop (from peluca, wig)perfumerà ­a - fragrance shop, perfume storepescaderà ­a - seafood store (from pez, fish)pizzerà ­a - pizzeria, pizza parlor (from pizza, pizza)platerà ­a - silversmiths shop (from plata, silver)pulperà ­a - small grocery store (from pulpa, fruit pulp; Latin American term)ropavejerà ­a - used-clothing store (from ropa vieja, old clothes)salchicheria - pork butchers shop (from salchicha, sausage)sastrerà ­a - tailors s hop (from sastre, tailor)sombrererà ­a - hat shop, hat factory (from sombrero, hat) tabaquerà ­a  - tobacco shop (from tabaco, tobacco)tapicerà ­a - upholstery shop, furniture store (from tapiz, tapestry)tintorerà ­a - dry-cleaners (from tinto, red wine or dye)verdulerà ­a - produce store, greengrocers, vegetable market (from verdura, vegetable)zapaterà ­a - shoe store (from zapato, shoe) Shopping Vocabulary Here are some words you may see posted in stores: abierto - opencajero - cashiercerrado - closeddescuento, rebaja - discountempuje - push (on a door)entrada - entrancejale - pull (on a door)oferta - saleprecios bajos - low pricestienda - store or shop Here are some words and phrases you may find useful when shopping: Hola. - Hello, hiPor favor. - Please.Busco _____. - Im looking for _____. ¿Dà ³nde puedo encontrar _____? - Where can I find _____? ¡Me gusta! - I like it! ¡Cul me recomendarà ­a? - Which one would you recommend? ¿Hay algo ms barato (caro)? - Is there anything cheaper (more expensive)?Voy a comprar esto. Voy a comprar estos.  - Ill buy this. Ill buy these. ¿Habla inglà ©s? - Do you speak English?Horario de atencià ³n - Times when a business is open.Estar en stock, estar fuera stock - To be in stock, to be out of stock.Tamaà ±o - Size ¿Dà ³nde est el/la _____ ms cerca? (Where is the nearest _____?)Gracias. - Thanks. Etymology The suffix -erà ­a comes from the Latin suffix -arius, which had a far more general usage. In a few cases, the suffix can be used to form a noun from an adjective. For example, the state of being unmarried  can be called solterà ­a, from soltero, alone. The suffix exists in English in the form of -ary, as in apothecary, although that suffix also has a more general meaning than does -erà ­a.

Arbor Day Calendar by State and Date

Arbor Day Calendar by State and Date Each states Arbor Day celebration starts with the signing of an Arbor Day proclamation by local officials and Arbor Day activities related to trees and tree planting. Celebrations are held as early as January and February in some southern states and as late as May in northern locations. National Arbor Day is observed on the last Friday in April. These dates were promulgated using a variety of special criteria. Politicians have grabbed dates out of thin air; a states tree deemed to be of significant import use their date of legal canonization, but most U.S. states opted for a reasonable date in spring. April was the choice for most as Arbor Day and May in colder latitudes. National Arbor Day is on the last Friday of April and celebrated at the same time by 28 other states. You can find out when your states Arbor Day is celebrated by reviewing the following calendar: January Arbor Day Celebrations Floridas Arbor Day - Third Friday in January (State Tree: Cabbage Palmetto)Louisianas Arbor Day - Third Friday in January (State Tree: Baldcypress) February Alabamas Arbor Day - Last full week in February (State Tree: Longleaf Pine)Georgias Arbor Day - Third Friday in February (State Tree: Live Oak)Mississippis Arbor Day - Second Friday in February (State Tree: Southern Magnolia) March Arkansas Arbor Day - Third Monday in March (State Tree: Pine)Californias Arbor Day - March 7-14 (State Tree: California Redwood)New Mexicos Arbor Day - Second Friday in March (State Tree: Pià ±on)North Carolinas Arbor Day - The Friday after March 15 (State Tree: Pine)Oklahomas Arbor Day - Last full week in March (State Tree: Eastern Redbud)Tennessees Arbor Day - First Friday in March (State Tree: Yellow Poplar) April Arizonas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Paloverde)Colorados Arbor Day - Third Friday in April (State Tree: Blue Spruce)Connecticuts Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: White Oak)Delawares Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: American Holly)District of Columbias Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (District Tree: Scarlet Oak)Idahos Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Western White Pine)Illinois Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: White Oak)Indianas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Tuliptree)Iowas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Oak)Kansas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Cottonwood)Kentuckys Arbor Day - First Friday in April (State Tree: Tulip Poplar)Marylands Arbor Day - First Wednesday in April (State Tree: White Oak)Massachusetts Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: American Elm)Michigans Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Eastern White Pine)Minnesotas Arbor Day - Last Fri day in April (State Tree: Red Pine) Missouris Arbor Day - First Friday in April (State Tree: Flowering Dogwood)Montanas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Ponderosa Pine)Nebraskas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Cottonwood)Nevadas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Trees: Singleleaf Pinyon and Bristlecone Pine)New Hampshires Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Paper Birch)New Jerseys Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Northern Red Oak)New Yorks Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Sugar Maple)Ohios Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Ohio Buckeye)Oregons Arbor Day - First full week in April (State Tree: Douglas Fir)Pennsylvanias Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Eastern Hemlock)Rhode Islands Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Red Maple)South Dakotas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: White Spruce)Texas Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Pecan)Utahs Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Blue Spruce) Virginias Arbor Day - Second Friday in April (State Tree: Flowering Dogwood)Washingtons Arbor Day - Second Wednesday in April (State Tree: Western Hemlock)West Virginias Arbor Day - Second Friday in April (State Tree: Sugar Maple)Wisconsins Arbor Day - Last Friday in April (State Tree: Sugar Maple)Wyomings Arbor Day - Last Monday in April (State Tree: Cottonwood May Alaskas Arbor Day - Third Monday in May (State Tree: Sitka Spruce)Maines Arbor Day - Third full week in May (State Tree: Eastern White Pine)North Dakotas Arbor Day - First Friday in May (State Tree: American Elm)Vermonts Arbor Day - First Friday in May (State Tree: Sugar Maple) September Virgin Islands Arbor Day - Last Friday in September November Guams Arbor Day - First Friday in NovemberHawaiis Arbor Day - First Friday in November (State Tree: Kukui) December South Carolinas Arbor Day - First Friday in December (State Tree: Cabbage Palmetto)

CISG has too many incosisten provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CISG has too many incosisten provision - Essay Example United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) Susan J. Martin-Davidson, a Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles, has commented that the â€Å"place of business is not defined in the Convention† which is the foremost important consideration in examining whether or not CISG would apply (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1). It was said that commentators have proposed that the place of business would refer to â€Å"a permanent and regular place for the transacting of general business† (Honnold, 1989). However, Martin-Davidson says that it is still unclear if such a term would include â€Å"the location of a distributor, or other agent, who participates in the negotiation and performance of the contract† (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1). Even the final draft of CISG, the delegates were unable to address as to the issue if place of business would apply to â€Å"local agents working on behalf of foreign principals† (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1). Martin-Davidson also comments that â€Å"matters relating to agency† are not addressed by the Convention and does not also illustrate what â€Å"activities of an agent† would be adequate to establish that â€Å"the agent's place of business† is that of the principal (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1). ... e closest relationship to the contract and its performance† (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1), which place is so provided under Article 10 of the CISG and which basically determines the location of parties under Article 1 of the CISG (Bailey, 1999, 300). In Micro Data Base Systems, Inc. v. Dharma Systems, 148 F.3d 649, 653 (7th Cir. 1998), it explained that â€Å"it is not clear whether a relationship linked to the formation of a contract is more or less important that a relationship linked to its performance.† Such provision is even more complex with the proviso that instructs to have a regard â€Å"to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract† (CISG Article 10(a)). No suggestion however is offered as to kind of circumstance referred to in such provision (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1). The sale of goods under the CISG is also said not to have been defined under the Convention (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009, 1). Although there have been â€Å"scholarly commentary† explaining that â€Å"goods are basically only moveable, tangible objects,† (Schlechtriem, 2005, 28), there were some reported decisions wherein the court had to decide the meaning of such a term (Landgericht, 2001, 1 & Oberlandesgericht, 1991, 1).  This is especially relevant to the application of CISG on the â€Å"information stored in and read by computers† which include both the â€Å"information stored on a disk or in a computer† considered to be â€Å"intangible property† and not as goods (CISG, Article 2(f)), and the so-called â€Å"licensed use of information,† which does not satisfy â€Å"the seller's obligation to ‘transfer the property in the goods’† under Article 30 of CISG (Martin-Davidson, 2008-2009). Such concern however, was

Overload protection systems and mechanics of machines Essay

Overload protection systems and mechanics of machines - Essay Example Overload protection systems play a great role in protecting people and equipment from harm that may result from such faults or overloads. Overload protection systems normally feature overload switches or relays that serve to cut off power supplies to certain elements of the system and, therefore, prevent the machine from working normally (Gurevich 2003, p. 57). There are different overload protection systems that exist, each with its specific function and application. In industries that involve the movement of heavy loads, overload protection systems are installed to ensure that the machine, equipment and people are protected against injustices or damages that may occur in case the machine is loaded beyond its capacity (Gurevich 2003, p. 183). Systems that protect against weight overload commonly exist on cranes and elevators. There are also machines that work in environments that feature a lot of heat. Some machines are installed with protection systems to prevent them from damage b y extreme heat or cold. These systems are fitted with sensors that prevent them from functioning normally under adverse thermal conditions. One example of an overload protection system used in cranes is the LKV Crane Overload Guard. Figures 1 and 2 show the LKV Crane Overload Guard. Fig. 1 & 2: LKV Crane Overload Guard Courtesy of www.unirope.com The guard is attached to a line part that is stationary. The guard is installed such that the wire is deflected slightly between the clamping jaw and the two wheels (Unirope 2013, par. 3). The rope tends to straighten when the system is subjected to a load. When this happens, a force is applied to the clamping jaw as well as to the pull rod. If the load exceeds a present switch value, the pull rod activates a microswitch which closes or opens a circuit (Unirope 2013, par. 3). The load cell contains a spring element that is preloaded to reduce the movement by the pull rod to about a quarter of the full load. Many machines that are used in in dustries rely on electrical energy for their control or functioning. Electricity supplies sometimes fluctuate to the extent of transmitting currents beyond the ratings of machines or their components. To prevent electrical and electronic systems from damages that result from too much, too low or fluctuating currents or voltages, some machines are fitted with overload switches (Gurevich 2003, p. 124). Scientific Principles of Mechanics of Machines A machine is basically a tool or equipment that makes work easier and faster. Machines commonly use electrical, chemical, thermal, or mechanical energy to meet the objectives for which they are intended. Many machines that are used today are complex in nature and often times comprise one or more simple machines and computer systems. Simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axels, inclined planes, screws, and wedges. Mechanical Advantage Machines are specifically designed to make work easier and faster. The level to which a machin e makes work faster or easier is known as the mechanical advantage (MA). In Engineering and physics, mechanical advantage is defined as the number of times a machine multiplies the effort implied into it (ThinkQuest 2013, par. 1). In other words, it is the ratio of exerted working force produced by a machine to the effort applied, the units of force being measured in Newtons. In order to determine the mechanical advantage of a machine, one needs to divide the resistance force by the force of effort (ThinkQuest 2013, par. 1). In many cases, the resistance force is equal to the weight of the object. Mechanical Advantage of Pulley Systems A pulley is basically a machine that comprises a wheel that has a groove. A cable, belt or rope runs inside the groove to lift or lower loads and to

Grade 10 English True Believe Essay Essay Example for Free

Grade 10 English True Believe Essay Essay What is it about romance novels that seems to rein people in? Is it their happy endings? Or maybe their perfectly portrayed characters. Quite possibly a bit of both. Romance novels are popular throughout the world, and anyone that knows romance knows Nicholas Sparks always does a great job portraying the genre in his novels. Nicholas Sparks develops the romance genre within his novel True Believer by incorporating all the key elements of romance. The genre of Romantic Fiction has two strict criteria: The first is that the story must focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people. Secondly, the end of the story must be positive, leaving the reader believing the protagonists’ love and relationship will endure for the rest of their lives. The plot line must be substantial enough for the reader to maintain interest from chapter to chapter. (SB FMAA) A very intriguing part of the novel True Believer is how perfect the characters in the novel seem. Within a romance novel, the characters must be portrayed perfectly. The physical descriptions of characters within the novel are usually cliche and stereotypical. With his dark, wavy hair, light blue eyes, and fashionable stubble, he looked every bit the New Yorker that he was (NS 1). Lead men are shown to be handsome and perfect to draw the reader in. Characters are always portrayed with predictable personalities. You know, you really shouldn’t stare, women like a man that can be subtle (NS 49). Women are shown to be mysterious and bold, drawing the lead man in, grabbing the readers attention. True Believer shows many examples of different types of relationships. Relationships are a subject that most people compare and relate to their own lives. Within a romance novel, relationships are understandably a very important part. Romance novels sometimes include unrealistic relationships such as love at first sight. After the first time he saw her, he found it harder to let the woman’s image drift from his mind (NS 114). Love is then sprouted from the first look. Romance novels also include the main relationship being driven apart, which usually tends to be the climactic part of the novel. Please don’t ruin this for me, okay? (NS 244). The main relationship is always torn apart so that the main characters may reconcile, and this will then lead into the story’s happy ending. In the novel True Believer detailed language is used as a tool to rein in the reader. Boring, dull, lifeless language doesn’t capture the attention of a reader, therefore language is a very important and effective tool in grabbing and keeping the reader’s attention. Descriptive language is often used in romance novels. In a restored, turn-of-the-century, peach coloured Victorian (NS 40). Such language is used to keep the readers attention throughout the novel. Predictable language is also used throughout a romance novel. Wrap around porches decorated with hanging flower pots and American flags (NS 39). This gives a reader the stereotype image of what houses in a small town in America look like. This is done to relate the reader to the novel by understanding. Romance novels contain many unique characteristics. The genre of Romantic Fiction has two strict criteria: The first is that the story must focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people. Secondly, the end of the story must be positive, leaving the reader believing the protagonists’ love and relationship with endure for the rest of their lives. Nicholas Sparks brilliantly incorporates all characteristics into his novel True Believer from cliche personalities and romantic relationships to one big, happy ending, making his novel True Believer a great example of a romantic novel.

Model of Justice in Platos The Republic Essay -- Republic Plato Philo

Model of Justice in Plato's The Republic In what is perhaps his most well-known text, The Republic, Plato explores the fundamental concept of justice, how it is observed in the world, and its application to the lives of men. When he identifies the good in Book VI, which is reality and knowledge in their true forms, Plato also describes the visual world of shadows and false reality that people perceive and is cast by the sun. What follows from these definitions is that, while justice is a concept that exists autonomously from injustice and other fleeting conditions, injustice requires justice to be a medium for it to exist, develop, and spread itself. While it might be intuitive to a person that there is a correlation between justice and goodness, Plato has substantial arguments to reveal the reason for their relationship. When considering the good, Plato defines it essentially as something which gives rise only to that which is also like it. He writes, â€Å"Then good produces good and is the source of happiness. / It follows that the good is not the cause of all things but only of good things. It cannot be blamed for those things which are evil.† (Plato, 75-6) The nature of the good is that it is the best state to be in, and as the best it must not produce anything bad. To do so would contradict its essence. Correspondingly, we consider something that is good to be ordered in such a way that it does not change from being the good to anything else. Plato claims that, by its definition, we hold the following to be true about goodness: â€Å"Then we ought to be able to assert a universal truth: everythi ng that is well made in nature or in art is best able to withstand change from without.† (Plato, 7... ...fe on earth the opportunity to do so. In the case of the totally unjust, whose loss of reason is incurable, they are kept below earth and not allowed to reincarnate because to do so would be a worse punishment than to remain in Hades. These souls would only stray further from the good and corrupt their realities further, living contently but never happily. Based on Plato’s model of justice, therefore, it is just to prevent these souls from reincarnation. We then understand that justice is the search for knowledge and its beauty through reason and virtue. Once we have found the good, we continue to use reason and knowledge to remain just. We do this because no other condition results in a better life in this one or the next. Works Cited Plato. The Republic. Trans. Richard W. Sterling and William C. Scott. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.

Marijuana Prohibition Canada

The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future.The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substanc es Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surrounding the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a perio d of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent.Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Can adian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Minister Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†).A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect soci eties views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place.Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall)That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B.C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education.It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions.This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlle d Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth.Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. . 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. . . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. . 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. . 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.

Free software Essay

The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this You are free to (1)study it, (2)redistribute it, and (3) modify it. 2. Why is Linux popular? Why is it popular in academia? Bell Labs offered it to educational institutions at nominal cost. The schools, in turn, used it in their computer science programs, ensuring that computer science students became familiar with it. Because UNIX was such an advanced development system, the students became acclimated to a sophisticated programming environment. As these students graduated and went into industry, they expected to work in a similarly advanced environment. As more of them worked their way up the ladder in the commercial world, the UNIX operating system found its way into industry The source code for the operating system is readily available so that students can understand more easily how GNU/Linux works and can modify the code further to understand its operation and change the way it works. 3. What are multiuser systems? Why are they successful? Sharing the computer’s power among many users and giving them the ability to share data and programs are central features of the system. a multiuser operating system allows many people to use all of the system resources almost simultaneously The use of costly resources can be maximized and the cost per user can be minimized—the primary objectives of a multiuser operating system. 4. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? What is Linux? Which parts of the Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system? The Free Software Foundation (www. fsf. org) is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Project. GNU developed many of the tools, including the C compiler, that are part of the GNU/Linux Operating System Linux is the name of an operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds and expanded and improved by thousands of people on the Internet. Torvalds’s kernel and GNU’s tools work together as the GNU/Linux Operating System 5. In which language is Linux written? What does the language have to do with the success of Linux? 95% is written in C. Because Linux is portable, it can be adapted (ported) to different machines and can meet special requirements. For example, Linux is used in embedded computers, such as the ones found in cellphones, PDAs, and the cable boxes on top of many 10 Chapter 1 Welcome to Linux and Mac OS X TVs. The file structure takes full advantage of large, fast hard disks. Equally important, Linux was originally designed as a multiuser operating system—it was not modified to serve several users as an afterthought. Sharing the computer’s power among many users and giving them the ability to share data and programs are central features of the system 6. What is a utility program? otften reffered to as â€Å"commands† These utilities perform functions that are universally required by users. The sort utility, for example, puts lists (or groups of lists) in alphabetical or numerical order and can be used to sort lists by part number, last name, city, ZIP code, telephone number, age, size, cost, and so forth. A utility (program), sometimes referred to as a command, is a program that performs a task that is frequently related to the operating system. A utility is simpler than an application program although there is no clear line separating the two 7. What is a shell? How does it work with the kernel? With the user? In a textual environment, the shell—the command interpreter—acts as an interface between you and the operating system. its the link between user and kernal to tell it what to do. or view what the kernal is doing. its the command line interface that accepts input from the user. 8. How can you use utility programs and a shell to create your own applications? Write a shell script, also called a shell program, or a batch file under DOS. A shell script is one or more command lines contained in a file. Make the file executable and give the name of the file as a command: The shell executes the commands in the file, as though you had typed each command individually 9. Why is the Linux filesystem referred to as hierarchical? The Linux filesystem provides a structure whereby files are arranged under directories, which are like folders or boxes. Each directory has a name and can hold other files and directories. Directories, in turn, are arranged under other directories, and so forth, in a treelike organization. This structure helps users keep track of large numbers of files by grouping related files in directories. Each user has one primary directory and as many subdirectories as required 10. What is the difference between a multiprocessor and a multiprocessing system? multi processor is a computer that has more than one processor (processing units) and multiprocessing system is the fact that it can process multiple tasks at the same time Multiprocessing is the use of more than one CPU in a computer system 11. Give an example of when you would want to use a multiprocessing system. Multiprocessing is the use of more than one CPU in a computer system so when you have more than one CPU you can take advantage of it. Multiprocessing sometimes refers to the execution of multiple concurrent software processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant 12. Approximately how many people wrote Linux? Why is this project unique? The Linux kernel was developed by Finnish undergraduate student Linus Torvalds The Linux operating system, which was developed through the cooperation of many, many people around the world, is a product of the Internet and is a free 13. What are the key terms of the GNU General Public License? The GPL says you have the right to copy, modify, and redistribute the code covered by the agreement When you redistribute the code, however, you must also distribute the same license with the code, thereby making the code and the license inseparable.

The American Struggle for Rights and Equal Treatment

The American Struggle for Rights and Equal Treatment Though the Americans were not rebellious initially, there came a point when they were ready for war. They had played second fiddle for a bit too long and could not take it any more.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Struggle for Rights and Equal Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Slowly, the awakening call was being heeded. People were tired of the course things were taking. Time had come for the Americans to fight for their rights and equal treatment from the British. It should be noted that there are several factors that contributed to the revolution in which the Americans were successful. To begin with, the Americans had been under the rule of the British for a very long time. During this duration, Americans were subjected to various forms of regulations some of which were against their will. As a result, the spirit of extrication was high in people’s minds. Therefore, Americans wanted to be free from the restrictions that were imposed to them by the Britons. On the same note, the British concentrated on taxing various establishments and forgot to read the mood of the people. Meanwhile, the people were complaining about methods that were being used to rule them which they felt were not in the interest of the common Americans. Similarly, the British’s anti-smuggling policy came too late when the culture had taken roots. Consequently, people were not ready to leave the act which had come to be part of their daily activities. To the smugglers who were at the time powerful and influential, the anti-smuggling policy was a violation of their rights. The smugglers therefore organized people to resist the anti-smuggling policy. In addition, the proclamation Act of 1763 restricted movement of the colonists across the Appalachian Mountains. Later, the restriction was extended to include areas up to Ohio River. This was received negatively by the Americans, especially t hose who wanted to possess more and more Indian land. Moreover, there were Acts implemented by the British parliament that propagated the American Revolution. The Acts include, the Townshend Act, the Stamp Act and the Tea Act and the Boston Tea party.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite facing a lot of challenges, Americans emerged successful from the revolution. The Americans employed Guerilla skills in their attacks thus getting the British troops unaware. Similarly, American solders used different colored clothing which made it a bit difficult for the British to spot them. On the other hand, the British army attacked in straight lines and wore red uniforms which were easily recognizable from far distances. Consequently, it was very easy for the continental Army to lay ambushes for British Armies. On the same note, the continental army highly benefited from the home adva ntage. While the British troops had to travel over very long distances sometimes taking months, the American troops were composed of the locals who were readily available. Furthermore, the locals understood well the battle ground while the British were new and had little knowledge of the place. Additionally, supplies and other requirements were easily available for the continental army which highly motivated them as opposed to the British army. Another factor that highly boosted the Americans during the revolution was the support they received from the French. Though initially they had shown no intention of joining the Americans, the French troops joined towards the end of the war. The French navy helped in detaining General Cornwallis thus further weakening the British. Other than France, extra countries for example, Spain also joined in the war thus ensuring that Americans were successful.

Oversimplification and Exaggeration Fallacies

Oversimplification and Exaggeration Fallacies Fallacy Name:Oversimplification and Exaggeration Alternative Names:Fallacy of Reduction Fallacy of Multiplication Category:Faulty Causation Explanation The causation fallacies known as oversimplification and exaggeration occur whenever the series of actual causes for an event is either reduced or multiplied to the point where there is no longer a genuine, causal connection between the alleged causes and the actual effect. In other words, multiple causes are reduced to just one or a few (oversimplification) or a couple of causes are multiplied into many (exaggeration). Also known as the reductive fallacy because it involves reducing the number of causes, oversimplification seems to occur more often, perhaps because there are so many ostensibly good reasons for simplifying things. Well-intentioned writers and speakers can readily fall into the trap of oversimplification if they are not careful. One impetus for simplification is the basic advice given to all who want to improve their writing style: dont get bogged down in details. Good writing needs to be clear and precise, thus helping people to understand an issue rather than confusing them even more. In the process, however, a writer can easily leave out too many details, omitting critical information which needs to be included. Another important impetus which can lead to oversimplification is the overuse of an important tool in critical thinking: Occams Razor. This is the principle of not assuming too many factors or causes for an event than are necessary and is often expressed by saying the simpler explanation is preferable. Although it is true that an explanation should be no more complicated than necessary, one must be very careful not to construct an explanation which is less complicated than necessary. A famous quote attributed to Albert Einstein states, Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. Examples and Discussion of Oversimplification Here is an example of oversimplification which atheists often hear: 1. School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down ever since organized prayer was banned at public schools. Therefore, prayer should be reintroduced, resulting in school improvement. This argument obviously suffers from oversimplification because it assumes that problems in schools (increasing violence, decreasing academic performance) can be attributed to a single cause: the loss of organized, state-mandated prayers. A myriad of other factors in society are completely ignored as if the social and economic conditions havent changed in any relevant way. One way to reveal the problem in the above example is to reword it slightly: 2. School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down ever since racial segregation was banned. Therefore, segregation should be reintroduced, resulting in school improvement. Presumably, there are racists around who would agree with the above, but very few of those who make the argument in #1 will also make the argument in #2 - yet, they are structurally the same. The reasons for both examples of oversimplification is actually another Causation Fallacy, known as Post Hoc Fallacy. In the real world, events typically have multiple, intersecting causes which together produce the events we see. Often, however, such complexities are difficult to understand and even more difficult to change; the unfortunate result is that we simplify things. Sometimes that isnt so bad, but sometimes it can be disastrous. Sadly, politics is one field where oversimplification occurs more often than not. 3. The nations current lack of moral standards was caused by the poor example set by Bill Clinton when he was president. Granted, Clinton may not have set the best example imaginable, but it isnt reasonable to argue that his example is responsible for the morality of the entire nation. Once again, there is a wide variety of different factors which can influence the morality of individuals and groups. Of course, not all examples of oversimplification identify as the cause something which is completely irrelevant: 4. Education today isnt as good as it used to be - obviously, our teachers are not doing their jobs.5. Since the new president took office, the economy has been improving - obviously he is doing a good job and is an asset to the nation. Although #4 is a rather harsh statement, it cannot be denied that teacher performance does impact the quality of education which students receive. Thus, if their education isnt very good, one place to look is teacher performance. However, it is a fallacy of oversimplification to suggest that teachers are the sole or even primary cause. With #5, it should also be acknowledged that a president does impact the state of the economy, sometimes for better and sometimes for worse. However, no single politician can take sole credit (or sole blame) for the state of a multi-trillion dollar economy. A common reason for oversimplification, especially in the political realm, is a personal agenda. It is a very effective means for either taking credit for something (#5) or for placing blame on others (#4). Religion is also a field where oversimplification fallacies can be readily found. Consider, for example, a response which is heard after anyone survives a major tragedy: 6. She was saved through Gods help! For the purposes of this discussion, we should ignore the theological implications of a god who chooses to save some people but not others. The logical problem here is the dismissal of all the other factors which contribute to a persons survival. What about the doctors who perform the life-saving operations? What about the rescue workers who spend insane amounts of time and money in the rescue effort? What about the product manufacturers who made the safety devices (like seat belts) which protect people? All of these and more are causal factors which contribute to the survival of people in accidents, but they are too often ignored by those who oversimplify the situation and attribute survival to just a single cause: the Will of God. People also tend to commit the fallacy of oversimplification when they simply dont understand what they are talking about. This is a common occurrence in science debates because so much of the material can be comprehended best only by experts in specialized fields. One place where this is seen quite often are the arguments some creationists offer against evolution. Consider this example, a question which Dr. Kent Hovind uses in an attempt to prove that evolution isnt true and isnt possible: 7. Natural selection only works with the genetic information available and tends only to keep a species stable. How would you explain the increasing complexity in the genetic code that must have occurred if evolution were true? For someone unfamiliar with evolution, this question may seem reasonable - but its error lies in vastly oversimplifying evolution to the point where it becomes unrecognizable. It is very true that natural selection operates with the genetic information which is available; however, natural selection is not the only process which is involved in evolution. Ignored are such factors as mutation and genetic drift. By oversimplifying evolution down to just natural selection, however, Hovind is able to portray evolution as a one-dimensional theory which cannot possibly be true. It is in such examples that an oversimplification fallacy can also become a Straw Man Fallacy if a person takes the oversimplified description of a position and then proceeds to criticize it as if it were the genuine position. Examples and Discussion of Exaggeration Related to, but much rarer than, the fallacy of oversimplification is the fallacy of exaggeration. Mirror images of each other, an exaggeration fallacy is committed when an argument tries to include additional causal influences which are ultimately irrelevant to the matter at hand. We can say that committing a fallacy of exaggeration is a consequence of failing to heed Occams Razor, which states that we should prefer the simpler explanation and refrain from adding entities (causes, factors) which are not specifically necessary A good example is one which is related to one of those used above: 8. The rescue workers, doctors and various assistants are all heroes because, with the help of God, they managed to save all of the people involved in that accident. The role of individuals like doctors and rescue workers is obvious, but the addition of God seems gratuitous. Without an identifiable effect of which can be said to be necessarily responsible, the inclusion qualifies as an exaggeration fallacy. Other instances of this fallacy can be found in the legal profession, for example: 9. My client killed Joe Smith, but the cause for his violent behavior was a life of eating Twinkies and other junk food which impaired his judgment. There is no clear link between junk food and violent behavior, but there are other identifiable causes for it. The addition of junk food to that list of causes constitutes a fallacy of exaggeration because the real causes only end up being masked by additional and irrelevant pseudo-causes. Here, the junk food is an entity which is simply not necessary.

Discuss whether flexibility of teaching and learning strategy is Essay

Discuss whether flexibility of teaching and learning strategy is central to successful inclusive physical education - Essay Example hile giving students lessons, which will not only help them with their health at that particular stage but also in the rest of their lives, the teachers must adopt the flexibility in the content so that the students may feel free towards the course. Hence, the course experience would be a success. When a variety of techniques are used for teaching, learning and administrative practices that meet the needs of a diverse student population, in the current social context it is known as flexible learning. This type of learning is easily supported by mixed modes of access to learning opportunities. Some of the common modes include combinations of weekly or intensive face-to-face classes. Here, the meaning of flexible learning is different for different people. For some, it means an interactive class in which the students and teachers can discuss their goals, content or assessment. For others it means to broaden up the admission criteria of learning programs. For the rest of the people, flexible learning means to use new technologies to make the time and location more flexible and available for them (Institute for Interactive Media & Learning, 2007). In certain disciplines, when the teachers try to adopt flexible learning strategies, it opens the gate of opportunity for the students to learn effectively or in a way that is appropriate for an individual’s needs. Necessarily, it does not mean adopting new ways of teaching and learning practices altogether, but it means to consider what is most appropriate for encouraging students learning in a particular set of conditions or content (Institute for Interactive Media & Learning, 2007). Flexibility of access: It helps the student to enter or exit from the course at any time. Such condition helps the students from the diverse background to choose their own area of interest from the list of different courses (Institute for Interactive Media & Learning, 2007). Flexibility of participation: In this approach the provision of

Disease or Diseases that affect the Rabbit Case Study

Disease or Diseases that affect the Rabbit - Case Study Example In addition, by the time rabbits show signs of illnesses, their condition begins to deteriorate rapidly making it difficult for any intervention method. Therefore, for the majority of illnesses, many vets have stated that vaccination is one of the most ideal approaches. One of the most common diseases affecting rabbits are bacterial infections which lead to the formation of an abscess. This is usually an accumulation of pus with in a cavity that is located in the jaw area. However, it is not limited to this location and can be found on many different parts of the body. This disease is easily avoidable by reducing the fighting between rabbits and ensuring that they are not exposed to injury from sharp septic objects. Since prevention is not always possible the treatment may be required and this disease is easier to detect as it is visible on the rabbit. The abscess is lacerated and the wound is disinfected with peroxide (Meridith, 2003). Rabbits At times also suffer from caked milk production, which occurs when a rabbit has too much milk for the number of kittens. Therefore, this milk is not utilized and leads to this pathology as the ratio of breastfeeds does not correlate with that of milk production. The disease is often mistaken for mastitis as it has a fairly similar presentation. The rabbit’s mamillary glands will become hard, swollen and extremely painful. The disease can be prevented by reducing the amount of food tat is rationed daily which in turn reduces the amount of milk that is produced. This process has shown to yield excellent results within 7 days. There are also some other methods which are used for treatment and these include relieving of congestion by partially milking the rabbit and also massaging anti-inflammatory ointment around the affected breast area. This in turn will reduce the pain that is felt

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes - Essay Example Talking about Hobbes’s state of equality, he strongly believed that we as human tend to be very watchful of the differences that lie between all individuals: differences that distinguish the diverse individuals from each other. For example he said that some of us tend to perceive others as smarter or wiser than ourselves, however, what we fail to take into account is that the bulk of the people around us are more or less the same as ourselves, particularly in thought. Such was the way in which Hobbes defined equality of human nature, that given a particular situation many of the individuals would react to it much in the same way. Moreover, Hobbes felt that all human beings were materialistic beings, motivated by nothing so much as they are motivated by self-interest, thus the term egoism (Clarke, 1995). This self-interest which dominates human nature in Hobbes’s point of view is the root cause of all chaos and anarchy that has ever prevailed throughout human history. Hobbes believed that if ever in a dilemma, an individual will always choose the alternative which benefits him the most, irrespective the extent of damage that it may cause to anyone else. This egoism of man never allows him to be content with what he has. Rather it requires him to constantly desire more and more power than he already has. Consequently, Hobbes described his â€Å"State of Nature,† which was from the nature made by God as one would normally expect it to be. The Hobbes's State of Nature is one which any known State can undergo at a time of absolute chaos and anarchy.

Top Level Of Management Business Essay

Top Level Of Management Business Essay It consists of board of directors, chief executive or managing director. The top management is the ultimate source of authority and it manages goals and policies for an enterprise. It devotes more time on planning and coordinating functions. The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top management for the functioning of their department. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. In small organization, there is only one layer of middle level of management but in big enterprises, there may be senior and junior middle level management. Their role can be emphasized as They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management. They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. They participate in employment training of lower level management. They interpret and explain policies from top level management to lower level. They are responsible for coordinating the activities within the division or department. It also sends important reports and other important data to top level management. They evaluate performance of junior managers. They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers towards better performance. Lower Level of Management Lower level is also known as supervisory / operative level of management. It consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc. According to  R.C. Davis, Supervisory management refers to those executives whose work has to be largely with personal oversight and direction of operative employees. In other words, they are concerned with direction and controlling function of management. Their activities include Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers. They guide and instruct workers for day to day activities. They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production. They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good relation in the organization. They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory appeals etc to the higher level and higher level goals and objectives to the workers. They help to solve the grievances of the workers. They supervise guide the sub-ordinates. They are responsible for providing training to the workers. They arrange necessary materials, machines, tools etc for getting the things done. They prepare periodical reports about the performance of the workers. They ensure discipline in the enterprise. They motivate workers. They are the image builders of the enterprise because they are in direct contact with the workers. Your business is changing. With the passage of time, your company will go through various stages of the business life cycle. Learn what upcoming focuses, challenges and financing sources you will need to succeed. A business goes through stages of development similar to the cycle of life for the human race. Parenting strategies that work for your toddler can not be applied to your teenager. The same goes for your small business. It will be faced with a different cycle throughout its life. What you focus on today will change and require different approaches to be successful. The Seven Stages of Business Life 1. Seed Stage:  The seed stage of your business life cycle is when your business is just a thought or an idea. This is the very conception or birth of a new business. Challenge: Most seed stage companies will have to overcome the challenge of market acceptance and pursue one niche opportunity. Do not spread money and time resources too thin. Focus: At this stage of the business the focus is on matching the business opportunity with your skills, experience and passions. Other focal points include: deciding on a business ownership structure, finding professional advisors, and business planning. Money Sources: Early in the business life cycle with no proven market or customers the business will rely on cash from owners, friends and family. Other potential sources include suppliers, customers and government grants. 2. Start-Up Stage:  Your business is born and now exists legally. Products or services are in production and you have your first customers. Challenge: If your business is in the start-up life cycle stage, it is likely you have overestimated money needs and the time to market. The main challenge is not to burn through what little cash you have. You need to learn what profitable needs your clients have and do a reality check to see if your business is on the right track. Focus: Start-ups requires establishing a customer base and market presence along with tracking and conserving cash flow. Money Sources: Owner, friends, family, suppliers, customers, or grants. 3. Growth Stage:  Your business has made it through the toddler years and is now a child. Revenues and customers are increasing with many new opportunities and issues. Profits are strong, but competition is surfacing. Challenge: The biggest challenge growth companies face is dealing with the constant range of issues bidding for more time and money. Effective management is required and a possible new business plan. Learn how to train and delegate to conquer this stage of development. Focus: Growth life cycle businesses are focused on running the business in a more formal fashion to deal with the increased sales and customers. Better accounting and management systems will have to be set-up. New employees will have to be hired to deal with the influx of business. Money Sources: Banks, profits, partnerships, grants and leasing options. 4. Established Stage:  Your business has now matured into a thriving company with a place in the market and loyal customers. Sales growth is not explosive but manageable. Business life has become more routine. Challenge: It is far too easy to rest on your laurels during this life stage. You have worked hard and have earned a rest but the marketplace is relentless and competitive. Stay focused on the bigger picture. Issues like the economy, competitors or changing customer tastes can quickly end all you have work for. Focus: An established life cycle company will be focused on improvement and productivity. To compete in an established market, you will require better business practices along with automation and outsourcing to improve productivity. Money Sources: Profits, banks, investors and government.

A Brief History of Clocks: From Thales to Ptolemy :: Expository Essays Research Papers

A Brief History of Clocks: From Thales to Ptolemy The clock is one of the most influential discoveries in the history of western science. The division of time into regular, predictable units is fundamental to the operation of society. Even in ancient times, humanity recognized the necessity of an orderly system of chronology. Hesiod, writing in the 8th century BC., used celestial bodies to indicate agricultural cycles: "When the Pleiads, Atlas' daughters, start to rise begin your harvest; plough when they go down" ( Hesiod 71). Later Greek scientists, such as Archimedes, developed complicated models of the heavens-celestial spheres-that illustrated the "wandering" of the sun, the moon, and the planets against the fixed position of the stars. Shortly after Archimedes, Ctesibus created the Clepsydra in the 2nd century BC. A more elaborate version of the common water clock, the Clepsydra was quite popular in ancient Greece. However, the development of stereography by Hipparchos in 150 BC. radically altered physical representations of t he heavens. By integrating stereography with the Clepsydra and the celestial sphere, humanity was capable of creating more practical and accurate devices for measuring time-the anaphoric clock and the astrolabe. Although Ptolemy was familiar with both the anaphoric clock and the astrolabe, I believe that the development of the anaphoric clock preceded the development of the astrolabe. The earliest example, in western culture, of a celestial sphere is attributed to the presocratic philosopher Thales. Unfortunately, little is known about Thales' sphere beyond Cicero's description in the De re publica: For Gallus told us that the other kind of celestial globe, which was solid and contained no hollow space, was a very early invention, the first one of that kind having been constructed by Thales of Mileus, and later marked by Eudoxus with the constellations and stars which are fixed in the sky. (Price 56) This description is helpful for understanding the basic form of Thales' sphere, and for pinpointing its creation at a specific point in time. However, it is clearly a simplification of events that occurred several hundred years before Cicero's lifetime. Why would Thales' create a spherical representation of the heavens and neglect to indicate the stars? Of what use is a bowling ball for locating celestial bodies? Considering Eudoxus' preoccupation with systems of concentric spheres, a more logical explanation is that Thales marked his sphere with stars, and Eudoxus later traced the ecliptic and the paths of the planets on the exterior.

Characteristics of Successful College Students Essay

Health Psychology is a specialty that focuses on how different biological, psychological, social and behavioral factors influence the recovery of ones health and illnesses. The committee has set forth five specialists to collaborate on the study of the illness and to give specialized treatment in each area of recovery while dealing with such situations. (Cherry, 2000, p. 1) Each case is a specialized issue requiring treatment of each of the five different areas of Psychology input and or treatment. The five areas include a Psychologist that will work on specific issues that pertain to their area of study and or profession. The five Psychologist will include a Substance abuse counselor; Inpatient-only Psychologist; Child Psychologist; Adult Psychologist and finally a Rehabilitation Psychologist to focus on the after care portion of the recovery process. In the substance abuse counselor role, the abuse counselor will collaborate and coordinate the use of recovery programs and structured programs for substance abuse in conjunction with a social worker to aid in the assessment and to develop a plan of recovery for our patients. In this area the psychologist will clarify the frequency and duration of substance use if any and confirm the substance abuse pattern of the patient. The substance abuse counselor will also determine the severity of substance related problems in the last 12 months. The counselor will then determine if there was ever any substance abuse treatment history and review any medications and medical conditions of the patients. Once this process is complete the substance abuse counselor will do an in depth assessment, complete a family interview and give specialized treatment diagnosis, followed by continued therapy to prevent relapse of substance abuse. The substance abuse counselor will then forward necessary information about the patient to the Inpatient-only Psychologist. The Inpatient-only Psychologist will then Diagnose stress disorders and aid in stress-relief interventions, and utilize various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills with patients suffering a chronic or terminal illness. The inpatient-only psychologist will also contribute to improving in patient health by helping the patient and his or her families learn coping methods to deal with their illness. Providing specific inpatient therapies and services to the patients admitted to the hospital is a necessary portion of the recovery process for the patients. Many patients have been admitted into the hospital because they lack certain self-help skills and will to kick their habit. Being an inpatient will also help the individual and their family members by giving family therapy sessions and individual therapy sessions to the patients. Once the sessions are complete the individual will be referred to specific support groups if they choose to participate in this portion of the treatment process. In addition, the role of the inpatient-only psychologist will also give support to the improvement and the maintenance of the patient’s recovery by helping the patients adjust to their illness and help them learn to maintain their usual lifestyle. The Inpatient-only Psychologist will then forward necessary document to continue treatment with a Child Psychologist for child patients, and an Adult Psychologist for adult patients. The Child Psychologist will provide psychological preparation methods for children prior to medical procedures, and Collaborate with local schools. The child psychologist will also give insight to children and families on how to prepare for hospitalization if needed. The need for such preparation is a prediction on the belief that hospitalizations and surgery are traumatic, anxiety-producing experiences for children and their families, which can lead to long-term psychological disturbances. (Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1976, p.226-30) Various methods will be used to provide the child and his or her family with information about the hospital and the procedure or operation. If needed a nurse or social worker will be provided to visit the child at home before he or she comes to the hospital. The nurse will be able to answer and questions the child and his or her family may have about the hospital and the procedure that will follow. If necessary the nurse and or child psychologist will provide a pamphlet explaining the forth-coming hospitalization and surgery, which they can read to the child before he or she comes to the hospital. Lastly if necessary the child psychologist can set up visits for the child to be able to visit the hospital prior to admission to become familiar with the setting and the hospital staff to get another form of comfort. Pharmaceutical treatment methods are going to be necessary in this case. Pharmaceutical treatment methods will provide the child with things such as antidepressants, muscle relaxes and anti-inflammatory medications to help control some of the symptoms they are experiencing after surgery is complete. Behavioral and cognitive treatment methods are also necessary to give the child other options than drugs to treat some of the mental issues in dealing with life after surgery. The patient may need to consult with a psychologist and other health care professional to deal with chronic symptoms. In looking at treatment methods to cope with pain its good that there are more than one treatment option available. Depending on the pain and the severity of the pain, more than one treatment method may be necessary An Adult Psychologist will provide psychological preparation methods for adults prior to medical procedures and surgery. Various methods will be used to provide the child and his or her family with information about the hospital and the procedure or operation. If needed a nurse or social worker will be provided to visit the child at home before he or she comes to the hospital. The nurse will be able to answer and questions the child and his or her family may have about the hospital and the procedure that will follow. Pharmaceutical treatment methods are going to be necessary in this case as well. Pharmaceutical treatment methods will provide the patient with things such as antidepressants, muscle relaxes and anti-inflammatory medications to help control some of the symptoms they are experiencing after surgery is complete. The Adult Psychologist will help the patient cope to adjustments needed to deal with a chronic or terminal illness. The Adult Psychologist will also help the adult improve adherence to medical regimens. Using such behavioral methods such as tailoring the regimen to make it as compatible with the patients habits and rewarding him or her for following the given regimen can and will help to improve patient compliance. The adult psychologist will also work with the adult patient to focus on understanding how they will react to, cope with and recover from their illness. In looking at treatment methods to cope with pain its good that there are more than one treatment option available. Depending on the pain and the severity of the pain, more than one treatment method may be necessary. Surgical treatment options in my opinion are the option that should be chosen should all else fail. Surgical treatment options will require more extensive after care procedures and needs. This is where the final psychologist comes into play. The final Psychologist that I choose will be a Rehabilitation Psychologist. The Rehabilitation Psychologist will work with the child or adult to get a comprehensive evaluation to assist the rehabilitation team with meeting the patients needs. The rehabilitation psychologist will build a team to assist the patient with cognitive, behavioral, physical, emotional, social and other needs after being released from the hospital. The rehabilitation psychologist will contribute in improvement in overall patient health by helping the patient relate better with their world. The rehabilitation process will be an ongoing process in which the patient will interact with the rehabilitation team to develop a plan for full recovery whether physical, mental, emotional or social therapy is the key aspect. Each of the five psychologists will work together to ensure that the proper care and after care procedures are met for each patient during their inpatient stay at the facility. The psychologist will work together to improve patient stays at the facility and make sure that no page is left unturned, to also ensure one hundred percent recovery rates. Patients and their families will be required to attend group sessions to be able to better develop a plan of care for the patient in the aid to better their chances for recovery. During the process the psychologist will attend weekly meetings to work together to better understand the patients behavioral, physical, and emotional or social needs. Behavioral treatment options can come in many forms. It may come in the form of consulting with a psychologist to discuss issues that are going on. Other options may include group sessions to speak openly about depressive and or other emotional feelings that one is coping with regarding their current well being. Cognitive therapy is a treatment option that focuses on helping patients deal with a specific portion of the problem. With this type of treatment, patients focus on identifying and changing destructive and disturbing thought patterns. Having a portion of all of the listed behavioral treatment options can help with different portions of treatment when it comes to illness such as hospital stays and surgeries. In all of the cases of illnesses more than one treatment option is needed. Having all of the five listed Psychologist will contribute to overall patient health. The substance abuse counselor will contribute to improvement by getting the patient off drugs or give the patient hope and confidence in their current situation. The Inpatient-only psychologist will provide treatment for chronic pain and utilize various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills, and also improve in overall patient help by helping the patient cope with the illness. A child psychologist will no only consult with the child prior to the medical procedures and surgery, but will also contribute by preparing the patient adequately for a procedure. And adult psychologist will also consult with the adults prior to the medical procedures and prepare the patient adequately for a procedure. And lastly the rehabilitation psychologist will help adults and children with any physical or mental limitation that occur after and or before surgery buy implementing a daily rehabilitation plan to improve their functionability. With all of the five psychologists working together on a team to contribute to therapy and aftercare treatment there should be 100% patient and family satisfaction. This is to ensure that no treatment desired or needed is overlooked. Each psychologist will assess the information given from the previous to determine they are all on the same track for recovery method for each patient. Each patient will be dealt with individually and will not have a considerable diagnosis without full assessment from each of the five-listed psychologist to ensure they have the proper plan to help promote improvement in overall patient health. References (). Managing and Controlling Clinical Pain. In (pp. 319-342). University of Phoenix American Accreditation Health Care Commission (n. d. ). Retrieved January 14,2010, from www. healthcentral. com American Behavioral Scientist (1994). Challenges for the 21st Century. Special Issue. Retrieved 07/10/10, from www. healthypeople. gov Cherry, K. (2000). What is Health Psychology. Retrieved January 28,2011, from www. about. com Journal of Pediatric Psychology. (1976). Preparation of Children for Hospitalization (Vol. 1 No. 4 ed. ). Missouri: Author.